Elaine - Extra material - Financial Terms

SUMMARY

A few fundamental financial management terms are defined in clear, concise language for the firm owner who needs a basic understanding of accounting terminology. Owners who understand and use this terminology increase their ability to effectively manage the firm’s finances.

Sumário

Alguns termos fundamentais em gestão financeira estão definidos em uma linguagem clara e concisa para o proprietário de empresa que necessita de uma compreensão básica da terminologia contábil. Proprietários que entendem e usam essa terminologia aumentam sua capacidade de efetivamente gerir as finanças da empresa.

UNLOCKING THE MYSTERIES

Like architecture and all other professions, the discipline of accounting and financial management has its own vocabulary and language. Knowing the vocabulary is essential to understanding the language and, more importantly, the concepts of financial management. While this may seem obvious, few architects take the time to learn this vocabulary and, as a result, are rarely able to master even the fundamentals of financial management.

Destravando os mistérios

Como a arquitetura e todas as outras profissões, a disciplina de contabilidade e gerenciamento financeiro tem seu próprio vocabulário e linguagem. Conhecer o vocabulário é essencial para a compreensão da linguagem e, mais importante ainda, os conceitos de gestão financeira. Enquanto isto pode parecer óbvio, poucos arquitetos dedicam um tempo para aprender o vocabulário e, como resultado, raramente são capazes de dominar até mesmo os fundamentos da gestão financeira.



The following is a short list of important terms and clear, simple definitions. Knowledge is power; by understanding these terms, you increase your ability to manage your firm’s finances effectively.

A seguir está uma pequena lista de termos importantes e definições claras e simples. Conhecimento é poder, ao entender esses termos, você aumenta a sua capacidade de gerir as finanças de sua empresa de forma eficaz.



Accounts payable: current liabilities—money that a business owes to others for any reason, including vendors, consultants, utility companies, landlords, mortgage holders, insurers, and tax authorities, for goods or services received by the firm.
Accounts receivable: money owed to a business for any reason.

Contas a pagar: O dinheiro passivo circulante que uma empresa deve aos outros por qualquer motivo, incluindo fornecedores, consultores, empresas de serviços públicos, proprietários, detentores de hipotecas, seguradoras e autoridades fiscais, de bens ou serviços recebidos pela empresa.


Accrual basis accounting: a method of accounting in which revenue is counted as having been earned as of the date an invoice is issued, and expenses are counted as having been paid as of the date of receipt of invoices from others. Accrual basis accounting is one of two methods of accounting; the other is cash basis accounting . While most businesses operate on a cash basis, accrual basis accounting may provide a more accurate picture of the financial health of a firm.


Contabilidade de base: um método de contabilização em que a receita é contabilizada como tendo sido obtida a partir da data em que uma fatura é emitida, e as despesas são contabilizadas como tendo sido pagos a partir da data de recepção das faturas dos outros. Contabilidade de base é um dos dois métodos de contabilidade, a outra é contabilidade com base em dinheiro . Enquanto a maioria das empresas operam em regime de caixa, a contabilidade pelo regime de competência pode fornecer uma imagem mais precisa da saúde financeira de uma empresa.



Asset: a resource owned by a firm for which a monetary value can be determined.

Ativos: um recurso de propriedade de uma empresa para a qual um valor monetário pode ser determinado.

Backlog: the value of contracts for which services have not yet been provided and revenue has not yet been earned.

Balance sheet: Among the most important financial terms that a business owner must know and understand, the balance sheet is a summary statement of a firm’s financial condition as of a specific date. It shows the balance between the firm’s assets and liabilities.









Book value: the difference between the firm’s assets and liabilities. Also called net worth, equity, or owners’ equity.
Cash basis accounting: a method of accounting in which revenue is counted as having been earned when it is actually received and expenses are counted as having been paid when they are actually paid.
Cash flow: a measure of the amount of money that actually flows in and out of a firm’s accounts during a specified period. A positive cash flow means that more money has been received than expended. A negative cash flow means that more money has been spent than received.
Direct expenses: costs that can be charged to specific projects, including staff time, consultants, and reimbursable expenses such as printing and travel.
Equity: the difference between the firm’s assets and liabilities; also called book value, net worth, or owner’s equity.
Gross revenue: the total amount earned by the firm for any reason and from any source before deducting expenses such as payments to vendors. (See “net revenue,” below.)
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Backlog: o valor dos contratos de serviços que ainda não tenham sido previstos e as receitas ainda não foi conquistada.
Balanço: Entre as condições financeiras mais importantes que um empresário deve conhecer e compreender, o balanço é um balanço sumário da condição financeira de uma empresa a partir de uma data específica. Isso mostra o equilíbrio entre os ativos da empresa e passivos.
O valor contábil: diferença entre os activos da empresa e passivos. Também chamado de valor líquido, patrimônio ou capital próprio.
Contabilidade de caixa base: um método de contabilização em que a receita é contabilizado como tendo sido ganho quando é efectivamente recebidos e as despesas são contabilizadas como tendo sido pagos quando forem efectivamente pagos.
Fluxo de caixa: uma medida da quantidade de dinheiro que realmente flui para dentro e para fora das contas de uma empresa durante um determinado período. Um fluxo de caixa positivo significa que mais dinheiro foi recebido do que gasta. Um fluxo de caixa negativo significa que mais dinheiro foi gasto que recebeu.
Os gastos diretos: custos que podem ser cobrados a projetos específicos, incluindo o tempo pessoal, consultores, e as despesas reembolsáveis, tais como impressão e viagens.
Eqüidade: a diferença entre os ativos da empresa e do passivo, também chamado valor contábil, do patrimônio líquido, ou capital próprio dono.
A receita bruta, o montante total recebido pela empresa por qualquer motivo e de qualquer fonte antes da dedução de despesas, como pagamentos a fornecedores. (Veja "A receita líquida", abaixo).
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3- Asset: a resource owned by a firm for which a monetary value can be determined.
Backlog: the value of contracts for which services have not yet been provided and revenue has not yet been earned.

4- Balance sheet: Among the most important financial terms that a business owner must know and understand, the balance sheet is a summary statement of a firm’s financial condition as of a specific date. It shows the balance between the firm’s assets and liabilities.

5- Book value: the difference between the firm’s assets and liabilities. Also called net worth, equity, or owners’ equity.

6- Cash basis accounting: a method of accounting in which revenue is counted as having been earned when it is actually received and expenses are counted as having been paid when they are actually paid.

7- Cash flow: a measure of the amount of money that actually flows in and out of a firm’s accounts during a specified period. A positive cash flow means that more money has been received than expended. A negative cash flow means that more money has been spent than received.

8- Direct expenses: costs that can be charged to specific projects, including staff time, consultants, and reimbursable expenses such as printing and travel.
Equity: the difference between the firm’s assets and liabilities; also called book value, net worth, or owner’s equity.

9- Gross revenue: the total amount earned by the firm for any reason and from any source before deducting expenses such as payments to vendors.

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English Conversation One

* Well I can't understand how parents can do that - send their kids away from home for months at a time. It's cruel! That's it!

# I cannot see it in the same light. In fact , parents are supposed to give their children the best education they can. And boarding schools provide it.

* Rubbish! It's like sending them to jail! It's so unnatural ...with so many other children shut up together...

# Well, all kids complain about having to go to school. But they should be aware of problems that may arise so that they can face them and learn how to overcome them. And this already happens when they are together at school.

* What do you mean? That boarding schools prepare them to the real world? Nonsense. Kids there live in an artificial society , and when they encounter true problems in real life they are taken aback and don't know what to do...

# They might learn how to face menial problems , true, but these experiences help them build up their personality little by little... they meet other kids and learn how to deal with them everyday...

* They could learn that way at home , with their parents, their relatives , even neighbors ...but parents today are more concerned about leading a life of their own . Many children in the States , for example, are brought up by nannies when they come back home from boarding schools...

# Why is that? ...

* To my mind , that's snobbery!

# And how come they can rely on nannies? Do they get to somehow know them, before hiring them?

* People just trust them , and many a time run dangerous risks. Nannies in most areas are provided with a place and a car of their own, and they take the children to school everyday. Which proves once again parents today are either less responsible , or else too busy or too selfish to care about theirs children's education.

# And this bring us back to the beginning: boarding schools can do better than nannies...

* This is not the issue , J.B. . Neither boarding schools nor nannies can give kids the warmth and the protection they need to develop into self-assured, confident and respectful members of society.

# I entirely agree with you. Come to think of it, Do you have kids?

* Yes , I do.

# Where are they now?

* They are at the boarding school

English Placement

1) Did you ……… anywhere interesting last weekend?

a) go
b) going
c) was
d) went

2) I work as a teacher and my wife ………, too.

a) do
b) is
c) work
d) does

3) I think ……… taxi driver

a) her job is
b) she's a
c) her job is an
d) she's

4) What is your home town ……… ?

a) situated
b) age
c) like
d) located

5) I’m afraid I ……… here for your birthday party.

a) have not to be
b) am not being
c) will be not
d) can't be

6) How ……… are you?

a) high
b) wide
c) long
d) heavy

7) How long ……… married?

a) have you been
b) are you
c) have you
d) been

8) Would you like ……… help?

a) a
b) some
c) me
d) I

9) They ……… go to the cinema

a) tomorrow
b) much
c) rare
d) seldom

10) He hasn’t played since he ……… the accident.

a) had
b) has had
c) has
c) had had

11) This is the best tea I’ve ……… tasted.

a) never
b) ever
c) already
d) still

12) I’m looking ……… the summer holidays.

a) before
b) forward
c) for
d) forward to

13) My girlfriend ……… born on the 2nd of September 1974.

a) is
b) was
c) had
d) has been

14) This beer tastes ……… .

a) badly
b) lovely
c) well
d) normally

15) In life ……… can make a mistake; we’re all human.

a) anyone
b) some people
c) not anybody
d) someone

16) She knows that she ……… to pay now.

a) had better
b) needn't
c) should
d) ought

17) If he ……… about it, I’m sure he’d help.

a) had know
b) knew
c) has known
d) knows

18) I'll return the newspaper when I ……… through it.

a) will have looked
b) looked
c) have looked
d) look

19) They said they ……… come, but they didn’t.

a) can
b) will
c) may
d) might

20) They were ……… hard questions that I had no chance.

a) so
b) some
c) such
d) quite

21) I don't have a cent to give you. I ...... bought a new computer.

a) just buy
b) had just bought
c) 've just
d) soon will

22) Mum gave ……… her job when I was born.

a) in
b) up
c) off
d) away

23) It's all right, we ……… hurry. We have plenty of time.

a) mustn't
b) shouldn't
c) can't
d) needn't

24) You have a terrible fever! ……… call a doctor?

a) Shall I
b) Do I
c) Must I
d) Will I

25) Joanna looks ……… in her new dress.

a) nice
b) nicely
c) like nice
d) such nice

26) Mr Haines wants ……… to his office.

a) that you come
b) you come to
c) you come
d) you to come

27) There are ……… around to start a cricket team

a) enough young boys
b) boys enough young
c) young boys enough
d) enough youngest boys

28) These bottles ……… of plastic.

a) are making
b) are make
c) are made
d) made are

29) Do you know where ……… ?

a) did I put the keys
b) put I the keys
c) I put the keys
d) I the keys put

30) Magda knows a lot about badgers, but she ……… a live one.

a) doesn't ever see
b) hasn't ever seen
c) hasn't ever saw
d) didn't ever see

31) We wash the curtains ……… year.

a) three times a
b) once
c) three every
d) every couple

32) The loudspeakers won't work unless you ……… those cables.

a) connected
b) connect
c) don't connect
d) can't connect

33) You should give ……… .

a) to your mother this letter
b) this letter your mother
c) letter this to your mother
d) this letter to your mother

34) Marian has ……… old books.

a) very much
b) a lot of
c) lots
d) a very lot

35) Hania has got two children, ....... ?

a) hasn't she
b) has she got
c) has she
d) haven't she

36) Let's think ……… something nice.

a) after
b) about
c) for
d) to

37) A Jaguar is ……… than a Fiat.

a) more expensive
b) expensiver
c) much expensive
d) expensive

38) The TV's too loud. Please, ……… .

a) it turn down
b) turn it up
c) turn it down
d) turn down it

39) It's a pity you ……… here last night.

a) weren't
b) aren't
c) 'll not be
d) 'd not be

40) What about ……… for a walk?

a) to go
b) I going
c) going
d) go

41) I made one or two mistakes, but ……… of my answers were correct.

a) much
b) most
c) more
d) few

42) You can't cross the road when the light ……… red.

a) 'll be
b) was
c) were
d) is

43) I have a problem. ……… help me please?

a) Could you
b) Should you
c) Were you able to
d) Will you able to

44) Our neighbour is ……… to Ireland.

a) going travel
b) going to travelling
c) go
d) going to travel

45) Do penguins fly? No, they ……… .

a) aren't
b) haven't
c) don't
d) won't

46) ……… train are you taking, the express to Poznan or to Skwierzyna?

a) Which
b) How
c) Whose
d) Who

47) This is ……… story.

a) a very interesting
b) very an interesting
c) very interesting
d) very interested

48) Marta takes the dog for a walk ……… the evening.

a) in
b) at
c) on
d) to

49) We haven't got ……… Polish friends.

a) no
b) any
c) none
d) some

50) Simon can't ……… to you now. He's busy.

a) talked
b) to talk
c) talking
d) talk

51) Have they finished working yet? I don't think ……… .

a) it
b) this
c) so
d) that

52) Somebody stole his wallet so he ……… money from a friend.

a) lent
b) earned
c) borrowed
d) lended

53) We must go now. Call the waitress and ask for the ……… .

a) bill
b) invoice
c) price
d) cost

54) He's a friend of ……… .

a) them
b) theres
c) theirs
d) their

55) Have you had ……… to eat?

a) too many
b) some more
c) to many
d) enough

56) I ……… my boyfriend since Christmas.

a) didn't see
b) haven't seen
c) don't see
d) hasn't seen

57) Who was the woman ……… ?

a) spoke to you
b) that you were speaking to
c) that you spoke
d) that you were speaked to

58) Is ……… than his father?

a) Matt taller
b) taller Matt
c) Matt more tall
d) Matt as tall as

59) She was 29 on her birthday, ……… she?

a) didn't
b) hadn't
c) hasn't
d) wasn't

60) ……… is it from here to Berlin?

a) How long way
b) How long
c) How far
d) How many

61) Good ……… ! I hope you get the job.

a) chance
b) fortune
c) luck
d) wish

62) The doctor has told her that she must give ……… drinking.

a) from
b) to
c) off
d) up

63) There was a lot of noise so I didn't understand what she was ……… .

a) saying
b) telling
c) speaking
d) talking

64) I ……… drink beer than wine.

a) would like more
b) prefer
c) had better
d) would rather

65) I gave her ……… earrings for Christmas.

a) a pair of
b) a set of
c) two
d) a

66) Would you like some more tea? There's still ……… left.

a) few
b) a few
c) a little
d) little

67) She didn't want the job, ……… .

a) however well paid was it
b) however well paid it was
c) for how good pay might it be
d) however good pay it was

68) He has been ……… for armed robbery.

a) blamed
b) accused
c) charged
d) arrested

69) The financial director ……… for almost an hour.

a) kept us to wait
b) kept us waiting
c) made us to wait
d) made us waiting

70) I've often ……… at the Wiejce Palace Hotel.

a) stayed
b) sleeped
c) remained
d) rested

71) I didn't realise that the coffee shop was ……… the other side of the road.

a) by
b) for
c) on
d) in

72) We have ……… for a receptionist but haven't appointed anyone yet.

a) advertised
b) announced
c) advised
d) noticed

73) She's very beautiful but that kind of woman doesn't ……… to me.

a) fancy
b) appeal
c) attract
d) turn on

74) The language school that I attend is 20 kilometres ……… .

a) far
b) away
c) distance
d) long

75) "I'm going to the cinema on Saturday." "So ……… ."

a) I am
b) do I
c) I do
d) am I

76) They ……… him of scratching the car.

a) blamed
b) accused
c) punished
d) arrested

77) They had to leave the flat because they couldn't pay the ……… .

a) fare
b) hire
c) rent
d) salary

78) She ……… at me and then turned away.

a) viewed
b) regarded
c) responded
d) glanced

79) The book shop rang ……… that the dictionary you ordered has arrived.

a) to say
b) to tell
c) for saying
d) for telling

80) If he hadn't drunk so much, he ……… sick.

a) didn't feel
b) wouldn't feel
c) hadn't felt
d) hasn't felt

81) Maria has two sisters, but she doesn't speak to ……… of them.

a) both
b) any
c) either
d) neither

82) Hubert is an uncle of ……… .

a) Kim
b) Kims
c) Kim's
d) Kims'

83) We discussed the house plans ……… our way to the shops.

a) by
b) on
c) in
d) to

84) George goes to ……… by car.

a) a work
b) the work
c) an work
d) work

85) Have you found a job ……… ?

a) soon
b) still
c) longer
d) yet

86) My boots are dirty. I'd better take them ……… before I come in.

a) off
b) away
c) on
d) up

87) What did the man say ……… ?

a) at you
b) to you
c) for you
d) you

88) Do you think I should move to Ireland? You shouldn't do anything ……… you think it's the right thing to do.

a) when
b) unless
c) in case
d) if

89) We can finish the rest of the eggs for ……… .

a) a breakfast
b) the breakfast
c) breakfast
d) a breakfasts

90) If she doesn't ……… my sight at once, I'll scream!

a) go out from
b) go off
c) get away from
d) get out of