Phrasal Verbs - A

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Phrasal verbs - Alphabetical List - A

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Phrasal Verb	Meaning	Example
abide by	Respect or obey (the law, a decision, a rule)	If you want to stay at this school, you must abide by the rules.
account for	Explain; give a reason	I hope you can account for the money you spent!
ache for	Want something or someone very much.	He was so lonely he ached for the sound of a human voice.
act on	Take action as a result of something	The police acted on the call they received.
act out	Demonstrate something with gestures and actions.	They acted out the scene in the classroom.
act up	Cause pain or annoyance by functioning badly	Dad's poor knee is acting up again.
add up	Make sense; seem reasonable	Her story just doesn't add up.
adhere to	Support; follow; act in accordance with	All contestants must adhere to the rules.
advise against	Recommend not doing something	The doctor advised him against carrying heavy loads.
agree with	Have the same opinion as someone else	I agree with you. I think she deserves the award too.
aim at	Direct towards a target	The policeman aimed his gun at the hijacker.
allow for	Take into consideration; Include in a calculation	You'd better leave early to allow for heavy traffic.
amount to	Reach; be equivalent to	1) The total cost amounts to 1200us. 2) His statement amounted to a confession.
angle at	Show from a particular point of view.	The documentary was angled at young viewers.
angle for	Try to obtain something by hinting.	I suspect Tom's angling for a free ticket.
answer back	Reply rudely	Don't answer back your mother!
answer for	1) Be responsible for something. 2) Speak on behalf of someone.	1) Normally parents have to answer for their children's behaviour. 2) I agree, but I can't answer for my associate.
answer to	Be responsible to/be controlled by (someone)	Who do you answer to in your job?
appeal to	1)Plead or make an earnest request. 2) Be attractive or interesting.	1) The organisers appealed to the crowd to stay calm. 2) Camping doesn't appeal to me.
apply for	Make a formal request for something (job, permit, loan, etc.)	He applied for the job advertised.
arrive at	Reach (an agreement, a decision, a conclusion)	It is hoped that they will arrive at an agreement at the end of the meeting..
ask after	Enquire about someone's well-being.	My mother is always asking after you.
ask around	Mention it to people you see or meet.	I'll ask around and see if anyone has seen your cat.
ask in	Invite someone to come inside.	I couldn't leave her standing outside in the cold so I asked her in.
ask out	Invite someone to lunch, dinner, the cinema ...	John has asked Mary out several times.
avail (oneself) of	Take advantage of something (an opportunity)	When the company is privatized, you should avail yourself of the opportunity and buy some shares.
average out at	Result in an average (amount)	The price of lunch averages out at 10us per person.

Let the cat out of the bag

Taking idioms seriously

Cartoon Thursday continues with today’s Mother Goose and Grimm:

Mother Goose wants Grimm not to reveal a secret, not to let the cat out of the bag.

 Grimm agrees that he won’t let the cat, Attila, out of the bag he has him in. 

A play on an ambiguity between literal and idiomatic (and figurative) readings.

The 50 most spoken Idioms

Smart Idioms

A hot potato

Speak of an issue (mostly current) which many people are talking about and which is usually disputed

A penny for your thoughts

A way of asking what someone is thinking

Actions speak louder than words

People's intentions can be judged better by what they do than what they say.

Add insult to injury

To further a loss with mockery or indignity; to worsen an unfavorable situation.

An arm and a leg

Very expensive or costly. A large amount of money.

At the drop of a hat

Meaning: without any hesitation; instantly.

Back to the drawing board

When an attempt fails and it's time to start all over.

Ball is in your court

It is up to you to make the next decision or step

Barking up the wrong tree

Looking in the wrong place. Accusing the wrong person

Be glad to see the back of

Be happy when a person leaves.

Beat around the bush

Avoiding the main topic. Not speaking directly about the issue.

Best of both worlds

Meaning: All the advantages.

Best thing since sliced bread

A good invention or innovation. A good idea or plan.

Bite off more than you can chew

To take on a task that is way to big.

Blessing in disguise

Something good that isn't recognized at first.

Burn the midnight oil

To work late into the night, alluding to the time before electric lighting.

Can't judge a book by its cover

Cannot judge something primarily on appearance.

Caught between two stools

When someone finds it difficult to choose between two alternatives.

Costs an arm and a leg

This idiom is used when something is very expensive.

Cross that bridge when you come to it

Deal with a problem if and when it becomes necessary, not before.

Cry over spilt milk

When you complain about a loss from the past.

Curiosity killed the cat

Being Inquisitive can lead you into an unpleasant situation.

Cut corners

When something is done badly to save money.

Cut the mustard [possibly derived from "cut the muster"]

To succeed; to come up to expectations; adequate enough to compete or participate

Devil's Advocate

To present a counter argument

Don't count your chickens before the eggs have hatched

This idiom is used to express "Don't make plans for something that might not happen".

Don't give up the day job

You are not very good at something. You could definitely not do it professionally.

Don't put all your eggs in one basket

Do not put all your resources in one possibility.

Drastic times call for drastic measures

When you are extremely desperate you need to take drastic actions.

Elvis has left the building

The show has come to an end. It's all over.

Every cloud has a silver lining

Be optimistic, even difficult times will lead to better days.

Far cry from

Very different from.

Feel a bit under the weather

Meaning: Feeling slightly ill.

Give the benefit of the doubt

Believe someone's statement, without proof.

Hear it on the grapevine

This idiom means 'to hear rumors' about something or someone.

Hit the nail on the head

Do or say something exactly right

Hit the sack / sheets / hay

To go to bed.

In the heat of the moment

Overwhelmed by what is happening in the moment.

It takes two to tango

Actions or communications need more than one person

Jump on the bandwagon

Join a popular trend or activity.

Keep something at bay

Keep something away.

Kill two birds with one stone

This idiom means, to accomplish two different things at the same time.

Last straw

The final problem in a series of problems.

Let sleeping dogs lie

Meaning - do not disturb a situation as it is - since it would result in trouble or complications.

Let the cat out of the bag

To share information that was previously concealed

Make a long story short

Come to the point - leave out details

Method to my madness

An assertion that, despite one's approach seeming random, there actually is structure to it.

Miss the boat

This idiom is used to say that someone missed his or her chance

Not a spark of decency

Meaning: No manners

Not playing with a full deck

Someone who lacks intelligence.

Off one's rocker

Crazy, demented, out of one's mind, in a confused or befuddled state of mind, senile.

On the ball

When someone understands the situation well.

Once in a blue moon

Meaning: Happens very rarely.

Picture paints a thousand words

A visual presentation is far more descriptive than words.

Piece of cake

A job, task or other activity that is easy or simple.

Put wool over other people's eyes

This means to deceive someone into thinking well of them.

See eye to eye

This idiom is used to say that two (or more people) agree on something.

Sit on the fence

This is used when someone does not want to choose or make a decision.

Speak of the devil!

This expression is used when the person you have just been talking about arrives.

Steal someone's thunder

To take the credit for something someone else did.

Take with a grain of salt

This means not to take what someone says too seriously.

Taste of your own medicine

Means that something happens to you, or is done to you, that you have done to someone else

To hear something straight from the horse's mouth

To hear something from the authoritative source.

Whole nine yards

Everything. All of it.

Wouldn't be caught dead

Would never like to do something

Your guess is as good as mine

To have no idea, do not know the answer to a question

Hoping for something

Hoping for something

When we are talking about something in the future that we want but maybe it won't happen, we use a number of phrases. Here are ten of them.

Ten Expressions to Use In Speaking And Writing

1. I hope it's sunny tomorrow
2. I'm hoping it'll be sunny tomorrow.
3. Hopefully, it'll be sunny tomorrow.
4. Let's hope it's sunny tomorrow.
5. Here's hoping we have a sunny day.
6. If we're lucky, it'll be sunny tomorrow
7. With any luck, it'll be sunny tomorrow.
8. I wish / If only it would be sunny...
9. I'm keeping my fingers crossed for...
10. I'm (really) counting on it being sunny

How To Use These Phrases In Your English

1. Phrases 1, 2 and 3 are all saying that the speaker wants sunny weather tomorrow and that she thinks it might happen.
2. Phrase 4 is saying that the speaker wants sunny weather and he thinks that everybody wants sunny weather too.
3. Phrases 6 and 7 are saying that the speaker wants a sunny day but that it is very possible that it will rain.
4. Phrase 8 is asying that it will probably rain but that the speaker still wants it to be sunny.
5. Phrase 9 is saying that the speaker wants a sunny day and that he is not going to be prepared if it rains.
6. Phrase 10 is saying that the speaker really needs sunny weather. If it rains it will be a disaster.

Ilegal interview Questions

Illegal Interview Questions




Age? Date of Birth?

Age based inquiries should be avoided because state law prohibits discrimination against persons age 40 and older. An age inquiry may be made to ensure a person is “old enough” to work for the job being filled, or if the job is among the few where age discrimination is permitted such as physically dangerous or hazardous work or driving a school bus.
Example of Illegal Questions
Possible Legal Alternatives

How old are you?
When is your birthday?
In what year were you born?
In what year did you graduate from college/high school?

Are you over the age of 18?
Can you, after employment, provide proof of age?





Marital/ Family Status (often alludes to sexual orientation)

The purpose of these “family” inquiries is to explore what some employers believe is a common source of absenteeism and tardiness. Typically, these questions are asked only of women making the inquiry clearly unlawful. However, even if such inquiries are made of both men and women, the questions may still be suspect. Such information has been used to discriminate against women because of society’s general presumption that they are the primary care givers. If the employer’s concern is regular work attendance, a better question would be, “Is there anything that would interfere with regular attendance at work?”
Example of Illegal Questions
Possible Legal Alternatives

Are you married or do you have a permanent partner?
With whom do you live?
How many children do you have?
Are you pregnant?
Do you expect to become have
a family? When? How many children will you have?
What are your child care arrangements?




Would you be willing to relocate if necessary?
Travel is an important part of the job. Do you have any restrictions on your ability to travel?
Do you have responsibilities or commitments that will prevent you from meeting specified work schedules?
Do you anticipate any absences from work on a regular basis? If so, please explain the circumstances.


Personal

Minimum height and weight requirements are unlawful if they screen out a disproportionate number of women or minorities. Unless the employer can show that a height or weight requirement is essential for job performance, such inquiries should be avoided.
Example of Illegal Questions
Possible Legal Alternatives

How tall are you?
How much do you weigh?
(Questions about height and weight are always illegal unless
it can be proven that there are minimum requirements to do the job.)
Are you able to lift a 50-pound weight and carry it 100 yards, as that is part of the job?







Disabilities

Inquiries about a person’s disability, health or worker’s compensation histories are unlawful if they imply or express a limitation based on disability. Under the federal Americans with Disabilities Act, any inquiry at the pre-employment stage, which would likely require an applicant to disclose a disability, is unlawful. Employers must avoid such inquiries or medical examinations before making a bona fide job offer.

However, an employer may inquire about an applicant’s ability to perform certain job functions and, within certain limits, may conduct tests of all applicants to determine if they can perform essential job functions, with or without an accommodation.
Example of Illegal Questions
Possible Legal Alternatives

Do you have any disabilities?
Have you had any recent illness or operations?
Please complete this medical questionnaire.
What was the date of your last physical exam?
How's your family's health?
When did you lose your eyesight/ leg/ hearing/ etc.?








Are you able to perform the essential functions of this job with or without reasonable accommodations? (Legal if the interviewer thoroughly described the job.)
Will you be able to carry out in a safe manner all job assignments necessary for this position?
Are you able to lift a 50-pound weight and carry it 100 yards, as that is part of the job?
NB: Medical exams are legal AFTER an offer has been extended; results should be held strictly confidential except for reasons of safety.



National Origin/ Citizenship

Inquiries about a person’s citizenship or country of birth are unlawful and imply discrimination on the basis of national origin. A lawfully immigrated alien may not be discriminated against on the basis of citizenship. The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 require employers to verify the legal status and right to work of all new hires. Employers should not ask applicants to state their national origin, but should ask if they have a legal right to work in America, and explain that verification of that right must be submitted after the decision to hire has been made. To satisfy verification requirements, employers should ask all new hires for documents establishing both identity and work authorization.
Example of Illegal Questions
Possible Legal Alternatives

Where were you/your parents born?
What is your native language?
What is your country of citizenship?
Are you a US citizen?

Do you have any language abilities that would be helpful in doing this job? (Legal if language ability is directly relevant to job performance.)
Are you authorized to work in the United States?



Arrest Record

There are laws that prohibits inquiries about past arrest records but permits consideration of a current arrest. If an applicant is under arrest for an offense that is substantially related to the job, an employer may suspend judgment until the case is resolved, advises the applicant to reapply when the charge is resolved, or refuse to employ the applicant. A current employee who is arrested may be suspended if the charge is substantially related to the job.

An employer may not refuse to employ or discharge a person with a conviction record unless the circumstances of the conviction substantially relate to the circumstances of the job. If an inquiry about convictions is made, the employer should add a clarifier, “A conviction will not necessarily disqualify you from employment. It will be considered only as it may relate to the job you are seeking”. Anyone who evaluates conviction record information should be knowledgeable about how such data may be used.
Example of Illegal Questions
Possible Legal Alternatives

Have you ever been arrested?





Have you ever been convicted of ____ crime? (Legal if the crime is reasonably relevant to the job; e.g. embezzlement for a banking job.)



Military Service

It is unlawful to discriminate against someone because of membership in the National Guard, a state defense force or another state or Federal Reserve unit. Questions relevant to experience or training received in the military or to determine eligibility for any veteran’s preference required by law are acceptable.
Example of Illegal Questions
Possible Legal Alternatives

What type of discharge did you receive?



In what branch of the Armed Forces did you serve?
What type of training or education did you receive in the military?



Affiliations

Example of Illegal Questions
Possible Legal Alternatives

What clubs or social organizations do you belong to?
Do you go to church?



List any professional or trade groups or other organizations that you belong to that you consider relevant to your ability to perform this job.



Race/Color/Religion

This question may discourage an applicant whose religion prohibits Saturday or Sunday work. If a question about weekend work is asked, the employer should indicate that a reasonable effort is made to accommodate religious beliefs or practices. An employ-er not required to make an accommodation if doing so would create an undue hardship on the business.
Example of Illegal Questions
Possible Legal Alternatives

All questions are illegal.

Are you available for work on saturday and Sunday?

Evaluation - Intermediate 1

1 Madonna and Julia Roberts are ... than Bruna Marquezine.

famous
famouser
more famous

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2 New York has ... skyscrapers than Uruguay.

more
- (nothing)
much

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3 Lucas's younger ... Cinthia.

that
more
than

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4 Buenos Aires is ... more crowded.

very
much
many

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5 I have a ... salary than I did before.

good
better
more better

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6 My briefcase is ... than Peter's.

too heavy
heavier
heavy

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7 The people are ... in Bogotá.

more nice
nicer
more nicer

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8 It's the ... building in Burgos.

oldest
most old
more oldest

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9 Fazzano's is the best restaurant ... town.

of
in
on

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10 Sylvia's ... than Muriel.

more intelligent
intelligenter
intelligent


Vocabulary

1. Skyscrapers - arranha-céus
2. Crowded - lotada,abarrotada de gente
3. Salary - sálario
4. Briefcase - mala
5. People - pessoas

Business intelligence

Business Intelligence (BI) refers to computer-based techniques used in spotting, digging-out, and analyzing business data, such as sales revenue by products and/or departments or associated costs and incomes.
Business Intelligence (BI) refere-se a técnicas baseadas em computador utilizados ( posicionar)no spotting, cavar, e análise de dados empresariais, tais como receitas de vendas de produtos e / ou serviços, ou os custos associados e rendas.
BI technologies provide historical, current, and predictive views of business operations. Common functions of Business Intelligence technologies are reporting, online analytical processing, analytics, data mining, business performance management, benchmarking, text mining, and predictive analytics.
Business Intelligence often aims to support better business decision-making.Thus a BI system can be called a decision support system (DSS). Though the term business intelligence is often used as a synonym for competitive intelligence, because they both support decision making, BI uses technologies, processes, and applications to analyze mostly internal, structured data and business processes while competitive intelligence, is done by gathering, analyzing and disseminating information with or without support from technology and applications, and focuses on all-source information and data (unstructured or structured), mostly external to, but also internal to a company, to support decision making.

* History

In a 1958 article, IBM researcher Hans Peter Luhn used the term business intelligence. He defined intelligence as:"the ability to apprehend the interrelationships of presented facts in such a way as to guide action towards a desired goal."
In 1989 Howard Dresner (later a Gartner Group analyst) proposed BI as an umbrella term to describe "concepts and methods to improve business decision making by using fact-based support systems." It was not until the late 1990s that this usage was widespread.

* Business intelligence and data warehousing

Often BI applications use data gathered from a data warehouse or a data mart. However, not all data warehouses are used for business intelligence, nor do all business intelligence applications require a data warehouse.

* Business intelligence and business analytics

Thomas Davenport has argued that business intelligence should be divided into querying, reporting, OLAP, an "alerts" tool, and business analytics. Another comprehensive approach that utilizes BI and other methods, models, and analytics is called Decision Architecture. DA is a value creation process used by major corporations since 1985 to increase customer, portfolio, technology, brand and shareholder value.

* Getting Business Intelligence projects prioritized

It is often difficult to provide a positive business case for Business Intelligence (BI) initiatives and often the projects will need to be prioritized through strategic initiatives. Here are some hints to increase the benefits for a BI project.

• As described by Kimball you must determine the tangible benefits such as eliminated cost of producing legacy reports.
• Enforce access to data for the entire organization. In this way even a small benefit, such as a few minutes saved, will make a difference when it is multiplied by the number of employees in the entire organization.
• As described by Ross, Weil & Roberson for Enterprise Architecture, consider letting the BI project be driven by other business initiatives with excellent business cases. To support this approach, the organization must have Enterprise Architects, which will be able to detect suitable business projects.

* Critical Success Factors of Business Intelligence Implementation

Although there could be many factors that could affect the implementation process of a BI system, research by Naveen K. Vodapalli shows that the following are the critical success factors for business intelligence implementation:

1. Business-driven methodology and project management
2. Clear vision and planning
3. Committed management support & sponsorship
4. Data management and quality
5. Mapping solutions to user requirements
6. Performance considerations of the BI system
7. Robust and expandable framework

* The future of business intelligence

A 2009 Gartner paper predicted these developments in the business intelligence market.

• Because of lack of information, processes, and tools, through 2012, more than 35 percent of the top 5,000 global companies will regularly fail to make insightful decisions about significant changes in their business and markets.
• By 2012, business units will control at least 40 percent of the total budget for business intelligence.
• By 2010, 20 per cent of organizations will have an industry-specific analytic application delivered via software as a service as a standard component of their business intelligence portfolio.
• In 2009, collaborative decision making emerged as a new product category that combines social software with business intelligence platform capabilities.
• By 2012, one-third of analytic applications applied to business processes will be delivered through coarse-grained application mashups.

Have a guess

Sometimes you don't know exactly what something is, but you have some idea. Here are some phrases to use when you need to guess.

Ten Expressions to Use In Speaking And Writing

1. Off the top of my head, I think she's 26.
2. Knowing (the English), he likes football.
3. If I had to take a guess, I'd say she's 26
4. I'd say she's 26.
5. Chances are she's 26.
6. At a guess, I'd say she's 26.
7. Probably about 26.
8. We're talking maybe late twenties.
9. About 6-ish
10. Around about 6 o'clock

How To Use These Phrases In Your English

1. Phrases 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 can be used when guessing almost anything (age, height, time, personality, problems, etc).
2. Phrase 2 is based on a generalisation.
3. Phrases 3, 6 and 8 shows that the speaker really doesn't know the exact number.
4. Phrase 9 is only used with numbers and time.
5. Phrase 10 is usually used for numbers or a period of time.

Giving opinion

Giving an opinion

It is very imporatnt to show people when you are saying an opinion and show that it is not a fact. Giving an opinion as a fact is not very polite in the UK.

Ten Expressions to Use In Speaking And Writing

1. I reckon...
2. I'd say...
3. Personally, I think...
4. What I reckon is...
5. If you ask me...
6. The way I see it...
7. As far as I'm concerned...
8. If you don't mind me saying...
9. I'm utterly convinced that...
10. In my humble opinion...

How To Use These Phrases In Your English

1. We follow all the phrases with a sentence or clause that shows the speaker's opinion.
2. Phrases 1 - 3 are really quite informal. You can use these phrases when you are discussing something with friends or people who you know well.
3. In phrase 1, 'reckon' is a very common word in the UK today. It means 'I think' but British people use the word 'reckon' much more often than 'think'.
4. Phrases 5, 6 and 7 are all quite polite and show clearly that the statement is only an opinion.
5. Phrase 8 is more polite because it says to the other speaker that they might not agree with what you are saying.
6. Phrase 9 shows a very strong opinion. The speaker has no doubt at all that it is true.
7. Phrase 10 is the most polite expression of the ten. It is often written on the Internet as the abbreviatoin 'IMHO' or 'imho'.

Describing people positively

Describing people - good

When we like somebody we want to say nice things about them. When another person asks 'What's she like?', it's useful to have some positive adjectives to describe them.

Ten Expressions to Use In Speaking And Writing

1. Warm-hearted / friendly
2. Good-looking
3. Hard-working
4. Bright
5. Generous / Kind
6. Full of energy / energetic
7. Thoughtful / Considerate
8. Easy-going
9. Reliable / responsible
10. Truthful / honest

How To Use These Phrases In Your English

1. Adjective 1 describes somebody who can be friends with other people easily.
2. Adjective 2 describes somebody who looks beautiful - either women or men.
3. Adjective 3 describes somebody who does a lot of work.
4. Adjective 4 describes somebody who is intelligent.
5. Adjective 5 describes somebody who often gives things to other people or is happy to help them with their problems.
6. Adjective 6 describes a person who is always moving, never gets tired and has a lot of energy.
7. Adjective 7 describes somebody who thinks carefully about other people before they do things.
8. Adjective 8 describes somebody who is relaxed and calm and doesn't get angry with other people easily.
9. Adjective 9 describes a person who always does what they say they will do.
10. Adjective 10 describes somebody who tells the truth and doesn't steal or take things from other people.

Describing people - negatively

Describing people - bad

Unfortunately there are some people who we don't like. When somebody asks 'What's he like?' it is useful to have some negative adjectives to describe why you don't like him.

Ten Expressions to Use In Speaking And Writing

1. Unfriendly / cold
2. Short-tempered / quick-tempered
3. Lazy
4. Stupid / dim-witted
5. Mean / stingy
6. Boring / dull
7. Inconsiderate / thoughtless
8. Strict / authoritarian
9. Unreliable
10. Dishonest

How To Use These Phrases In Your English

1. Adjective 1 describes somebody who doesn't make friends easily and says and does things that make other people not like them.
2. Adjective 2 describes somebody who gets angry quickly or is often angry with other people
3. Adjective 3 describes somebody who doesn't do very much / tries to do as little work as possible.
4. Adjective 4 describes somebody who is not intelligent.
5. Adjective 5 describes a person who does not give things or help to other people very much.
6. Adjective 6 describes somebody who is not all interesting.
7. Adjective 7 describes a person who does not think about other people when they make decisions.
8. Adjective 8 describes somebody (usually a teacher / boss / parent) who makes very hard rules and makes other people keep these rules
9. Adjective 9 describes somebody who does not do things that they said they would do.
10. Adjective 10 describes a person who tells lies or who steals things from other people.

Colours

Colours

You probably already know the colours of the rainbow; red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. Here are some other colour names the people use in the UK.

Ten Expressions to Use In Speaking And Writing

1. Crimson, scarlet, rose
2. maroon / burgundy
3. pink / magenta
4. oatmeal / fawn / beige
5. gold / primrose / buttercup
6. emerald / khaki
7. turquoise / jade / cyan
8. royal blue / sky blue
9. navy / midnight blue
10. lilac / lavender / mauve

How To Use These Phrases In Your English

1. In 1, crimson is a deep rich red and scarlet is a brighter slightly yellowy red. Rose is the colour of a deep-red flower from the rose family.
2. In 2, maroon and burgundy are both names for a dark red colour. Bugundy is also the name of a dark red wine from France.
3. In 3, magenta is the technical name for the pink colour used in priniting inks in most ink-jet printers.
4. In 4, oatmeal, fawn and beige are pale brown colours that have been fashionable in the UK in recent years.
5. In 5, gold is a deeper yellow, primrose is a weaker, lighter yellow and buttercup is a strong, solid yellow colour.
6. In 6, emerald is a deep green colour with a bit of blue in it and khaki is less strong and more yellowy and brown. Army uniforms in many countries are a khaki colour.
7. In 7, turquoise and jade are coulours between blue and green. Cyan is the technical name of the blue-green coloured ink used in ink-jet printers.
8. In 8, royal blue and sky-blue are strong blue colours similar to the colour of a summer sky. It is the colour of ink in many ballpoint pens.
9. In 9, navy is a very dark blue colour.
10. In 10, lilac is a pale violet colour and mauve is a more solid purple colour, nearer to red.